Bleaching Your Hair: Essential Preparation Steps for Healthy Results and Damage Prevention [Updated: April 2025]

To prepare for hair bleaching, keep your hair slightly greasy. Natural oils protect your scalp from chemical damage. Avoid washing your hair for at least 72 hours before the process. This helps oils accumulate and reduce harm. Also, use a deep conditioner for added moisture before bleaching.

Next, gather your supplies. You will need bleach, developer, gloves, and a mixing bowl. Consider using a low-volume developer for a less intense lift, especially if your hair is fragile. Conduct a patch test to check for allergic reactions. This step is crucial for your safety and comfort.

Before bleaching your hair, nourish it with leave-in conditioners. These products create a protective layer against potential damage. Trim any split ends to promote a healthier look post-bleach. Timing is vital, so plan the bleaching process on a day when you can dedicate time to care for your hair afterward.

With the preparation complete, you can now confidently move on to the actual bleaching process. This next step will require precision and care to achieve the desired shade while maintaining your hair’s integrity.

Table of Contents

Why Is It Important to Prepare Your Hair Before Bleaching?

Your hair preparation before bleaching is crucial for achieving optimal results and minimizing damage. Proper preparation ensures the hair is in the best condition to withstand the bleaching process.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, hair bleaching involves the use of chemicals, specifically hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, to lighten hair color by stripping away its pigment. This process can lead to hair damage if not done carefully.

The underlying reasons for preparing hair involve its health and structure. Healthy hair is more resilient and can better absorb the bleaching agents without breaking or becoming excessively dry. Prepping your hair helps to strengthen its integrity, ensuring that it can endure the harsh chemicals used in bleaching.

Hydrogen peroxide, commonly used in hair bleach, opens the hair cuticle and breaks down melanin, the pigment responsible for hair color. When the cuticle is compromised, hair becomes weaker and more vulnerable to damage. Proper preparation, which may include deep conditioning treatments, ensures that the cuticle is in good shape, reducing the risk of breakage.

Several conditions or actions can negatively affect hair health before bleaching. For instance, previously processed hair, such as hair that has been colored or chemically treated, is often more susceptible to damage. If hair is overly dry or has split ends, bleaching can exacerbate these issues. A common scenario involves someone with frequent heat exposure from styling tools, which can lead to a brittle texture, making it critical to nourish hair before bleaching.

In summary, preparing your hair before bleaching is vital for protecting it from excessive damage. Properly addressing its health ensures better results and a more enjoyable experience.

What Should You Assess About Your Hair Before Starting the Bleaching Process?

Before starting the bleaching process, you should assess the current condition of your hair, its texture, and any prior treatments.

Hair Condition
Hair Texture
Previous Treatments
Natural Hair Color
Hair Health History

Assessing these factors ensures a successful bleaching process and minimizes damage.

Hair Condition: Assessing your hair condition is crucial before bleaching. Healthy hair retains moisture and elasticity, making it more tolerant to the bleaching process. If your hair is dry, brittle, or damaged due to prior chemical treatments, it may require extra care or even a consultation with a professional. According to a study by the American Academy of Dermatology (2021), damaged hair can lead to significant breakage during bleaching.
Hair Texture: Hair texture refers to the thickness and curliness of your hair strands. Fine hair typically bleaches faster but may also be more susceptible to damage. Coarse hair may require longer processing time. Knowing your hair texture helps adjust the bleaching time and formulation for optimal results. A 2022 survey by the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology highlights that individuals with fine hair experience a higher rate of post-bleaching damage compared to those with coarse textures.
Previous Treatments: Knowing any past chemical treatments on your hair is essential before bleaching. Hair that has been recently permed, straightened, or colored may have altered its structural integrity. This can increase the risk of severe damage when bleached. Research from the International Journal of Trichology (2021) indicates that hair subjected to multiple chemical processes is at a higher risk for breakage during subsequent treatments.
Natural Hair Color: Your natural hair color influences how the bleach will react. Darker hair often requires a stronger or prolonged bleaching process to achieve the desired lightness, while lighter hair may lighten more easily. A case study in the Journal of Applied Cosmetology (2020) detailed how individuals with darker base colors faced greater challenges in reaching platinum results than those starting with lighter shades.
Hair Health History: Assessing your hair’s health history provides insight into its resilience. Factors such as frequent styling, heat exposure, or environmental damage contribute to overall hair health. A comprehensive analysis of your hair’s history will help determine if it is necessary to undertake treatments to improve its condition prior to bleaching. Statistics from the American Hair Loss Association (2023) indicate that hair suffering from long-term neglect will respond poorly to bleaching.

By evaluating these aspects, you can prepare your hair properly for bleaching and minimize potential damage.

How Do Previous Chemical Treatments Affect Bleaching?

Previous chemical treatments can significantly affect the outcome of hair bleaching by altering the hair structure, porosity, and overall health. These changes can lead to variations in the bleaching process, influencing results and damage levels. Research by Ghanem and Yousef (2019) supports these points.

Hair structure: Previous treatments can weaken the hair cuticle. The cuticle is the outer layer of the hair that protects the inner layers. A damaged cuticle can lead to uneven absorption of bleach. This unevenness may cause some areas to lighten more than others, leading to an inconsistent color result.
Porosity: Previous chemical treatments often increase hair porosity. Porous hair absorbs moisture and chemicals more readily. While this can lead to quicker bleaching, it can also result in excessive damage. Studies show that high porosity can cause hair to become brittle and prone to breakage (Hassan et al., 2018).
Health of the hair: Hair that has undergone multiple chemical treatments may be weaker and more susceptible to damage. The cumulative effects of treatments such as coloring and perming can degrade the protein structure of the hair. A study by Stojanovic and Hinds (2020) found that damaged hair absorbs bleach differently, leading to increased hair loss and breakage during the process.
Timing and technique: Bleaching hair with a history of chemical treatments requires different timing and techniques. Stylists often recommend lower concentrations of bleach or shorter application times to minimize further damage. Adjusting these factors can lead to better overall hair health post-bleaching.

Considering these aspects is crucial for achieving a lightened hair color while maintaining hair integrity. Proper consultation with a professional stylist can help mitigate risks associated with bleaching hair that has had prior treatments.

What Signs of Damage Should You Look For Before Bleaching?

Before bleaching your hair, it is important to check for signs of damage. Key indicators include:

Split ends
Brittle texture
Excessive dryness
Breakage
Faded color
Scalp irritation
Previous chemical treatments

Addressing these signs helps ensure healthy bleaching outcomes.

1. Split Ends:

Split ends appear when the hair shaft frays at the ends. This is often caused by excessive styling, heat applications, or lack of moisture. If present, bleaching can worsen the damage, leading to more breakage.

2. Brittle Texture:

Brittle hair feels rough and breaks easily. It often results from previous coloring or environmental stressors. Bleaching already weak hair can lead to significant damage and loss of hair elasticity.

3. Excessive Dryness:

Excessive dryness can manifest as rough, coarse strands. It often results from over-washing, heat styling, or lack of hydration. Bleaching dry hair might increase the likelihood of breakage and discomfort during the process.

4. Breakage:

Breakage refers to hair snapping off in pieces, usually due to weakness. It can stem from various factors, including previous hair treatments. Bleaching hair that already displays signs of breakage can intensify the damage.

5. Faded Color:

Faded color indicates that the hair has been previously dyed, affecting its integrity. Over-processed hair can react poorly to bleach, resulting in an uneven tone or further damage.

6. Scalp Irritation:

Scalp irritation presents as redness or itchiness and can result from chemical treatments or allergies. If present, bleaching may cause severe discomfort and increased sensitivity.

7. Previous Chemical Treatments:

Hair that has undergone previous chemical treatments may lack the resilience needed for bleaching. It is important to assess the overall health of hair after such treatments to avoid adverse reactions.

Incorporating these considerations into your decision-making before bleaching can help promote optimal hair health and minimize damage.

What Products Do You Need to Prepare for Hair Bleaching?

To prepare for hair bleaching, you need several essential products to achieve the desired color while minimizing damage.

Bleach powder
Developer (hydrogen peroxide)
Mixing bowl and brush
Gloves
Sectioning clips
Shampoo (preferably sulfate-free)
Conditioner (deep conditioner recommended)
Olaplex or similar bond-building treatment
Toner (if needed)
Hair cape or towel

Understanding the necessary products for hair bleaching can ensure a successful outcome. Each product serves an important role in the bleaching process.

Bleach Powder:
Bleach powder contains chemicals that lighten hair color. It works by breaking down the natural pigment in your hair. Most bleach products are based on ammonium persulfate, which is effective but can be harsh on hair. Choosing a high-quality bleach powder, such as Wella or L’Oréal, can minimize damage and lead to even results.
Developer (Hydrogen Peroxide):
The developer activates the bleach powder and determines the lightening strength. Developers come in various volumes, including 10, 20, 30, and 40, with higher volumes lifting more color. A 20-volume developer is common for lightening two levels, while 30 or 40-volume may be used for darker hair. According to hair color expert Nic d’Aloisio, “Selecting the right developer is crucial for achieving the best results while protecting hair integrity.”
Mixing Bowl and Brush:
A mixing bowl and brush aid in the application process. Plastic bowls prevent chemical reactions, and a brush helps distribute the bleach evenly. It allows for precision in application, particularly in hard-to-reach areas.
Gloves:
Protective gloves are essential when handling bleach. They prevent skin irritation and chemical burns caused by bleach exposure. Using nitrile gloves is recommended due to their durability.
Sectioning Clips:
Sectioning clips help manage hair during the bleaching process. By dividing hair into sections, you ensure that the bleach is applied uniformly and avoids missing spots.
Shampoo (Preferably Sulfate-Free):
A sulfate-free shampoo is often recommended to cleanse hair post-bleaching without stripping natural oils. It maintains moisture and prolongs the vibrancy of the new color. The American Academy of Dermatology emphasizes choosing gentle cleansers to reduce scalp irritation after bleaching.
Conditioner (Deep Conditioner Recommended):
A good quality conditioner replenishes moisture lost during the bleaching process. A deep conditioner or a hair mask can help restore vitality to your hair. Look for products containing proteins and hydrating ingredients like argan oil.
Olaplex or Similar Bond-Building Treatment:
Bond-building treatments like Olaplex are crucial for repairing and protecting hair during and after bleaching. They work by restoring disulfide bonds broken during the bleaching process. Research by H. Ultimo et al. in 2021 highlights improvements in hair strength and elasticity with bond-building treatments.
Toner (If Needed):
A toner adjusts the final color after bleaching. It removes undesired brassiness and can enhance shades from blonde to ash or silver. According to colorist Leah McSweeney, “Toning is vital to achieving a polished look, especially on lighter shades.”
Hair Cape or Towel:
A hair cape or old towel protects your clothing and skin from bleach stains. It is practical to keep the area clean and to manage spills.

By assembling these products and understanding their functions, you can prepare effectively for a hair bleaching process that yields beautiful, vibrant results while minimizing potential damage.

Which Conditioning Treatments Are Essential for Optimal Pre-Bleach Care?

To achieve optimal pre-bleach care for hair, essential conditioning treatments include the following:

Deep Conditioning Treatments
Protein Treatments
Moisture Retention Treatments
Hair Oil Applications
Scalp Treatments

These treatments can vary in effectiveness depending on hair type, damage level, and personal preferences.

Deep Conditioning Treatments: Deep conditioning treatments infuse moisture and nutrients into the hair. These treatments are critical in preparing the hair for the chemical process of bleaching. According to a study by the Journal of Cosmetic Science (2020), deep conditioning can significantly improve the hair’s elasticity and strength before undergoing demanding processes. For example, products containing ingredients like shea butter or argan oil are known for their hydrating properties.
Protein Treatments: Protein treatments are essential for restoring the structural integrity of hair. Hair is primarily made up of keratin, a type of protein. When hair becomes damaged, it loses some of this keratin. A study by the International Journal of Trichology (2016) emphasized that protein treatments can reduce hair breakage during bleaching. Regular use of protein-rich products can strengthen the hair and help prepare it for bleaching.
Moisture Retention Treatments: Moisture retention treatments enhance the hair’s ability to hold hydration. These treatments are crucial since bleaching can strip moisture from the hair. A report by the American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (2019) noted that moisturizing treatments could minimize dryness and brittleness following bleaching. Products with ingredients such as hyaluronic acid can be particularly effective.
Hair Oil Applications: Hair oils, such as coconut or olive oil, provide nourishment and hydration. Applying hair oil before bleaching can create a protective barrier that minimizes damage. According to research published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (2021), hair oils can improve hair texture and healing post-bleach, ensuring that the hair remains manageable.
Scalp Treatments: Scalp treatments prepare the scalp for the bleaching process by ensuring it is healthy and free from irritation. Treatment options include soothing balms or scalp serums that reduce sensitivity. The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (2018) found that a healthy scalp can lead to better hair health, reducing the potential adverse effects of bleach.

Incorporating these conditioning treatments into your pre-bleach regimen can help ensure optimal results while minimizing damage to your hair.

What Lifestyle Changes Could Support Healthier Hair Before Bleaching?

Lifestyle changes that could support healthier hair before bleaching include improving diet, reducing heat styling, using appropriate hair products, maintaining hydration, and protecting hair from environmental damage.

Improve diet
Reduce heat styling
Use appropriate hair products
Maintain hydration
Protect hair from environmental damage

These lifestyle changes form a foundation for better hair health, which is crucial before undergoing the bleaching process to minimize damage.

Improve Diet: Improving diet supports healthier hair. A diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins promotes hair strength and growth. Nutrients such as Vitamin E, Omega-3 fatty acids, and biotin are important. According to a study by the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (Hoffman et al., 2020), deficiencies in these nutrients can lead to hair loss and weak strands. Including foods like salmon, spinach, nuts, and avocados can provide these vital nutrients for stronger hair.
Reduce Heat Styling: Reducing heat styling is vital for maintaining hair health. Heat tools can cause dryness and damage, especially before bleaching. The American Academy of Dermatology states that high temperatures can strip moisture from hair, making it more prone to breakage. Limiting the use of flat irons, curling wands, and blow dryers, or using them on lower heat settings can significantly reduce the risk of damage before bleaching.
Use Appropriate Hair Products: Using appropriate hair products can prepare hair for bleaching. Products that are sulfate-free and contain nourishing ingredients like argan oil or keratin help maintain moisture levels and improve hair structure. The International Journal of Trichology reports that proper product choices can help to decrease hair damage during chemical treatments by up to 30% (Sharma et al., 2019).
Maintain Hydration: Maintaining hydration is essential for healthy hair. Drinking enough water promotes overall hydration, which reflects in the moisture levels of your hair. The National Institutes of Health suggests that adequate water intake, roughly 3.7 liters for men and 2.7 liters for women daily, supports optimal body function, including hair health. An example is the practice of using hydrating hair masks regularly to enhance moisture retention.
Protect Hair from Environmental Damage: Protecting hair from environmental damage helps ensure its health. Factors such as sun exposure, pollution, and chlorine can weaken hair. The Skin Cancer Foundation recommends wearing hats or using UV-protectant sprays to shield hair from the sun. Additionally, rinsing hair after exposure to chlorine or saltwater can help minimize damage and retain moisture.

By adopting these lifestyle changes, individuals can better prepare their hair for the bleaching process and reduce the likelihood of damage during and after the treatment.

How Can Nutrition Impact the Success of Your Hair Bleaching?

Nutrition significantly impacts the success of your hair bleaching by influencing hair strength, elasticity, and overall health. Proper nutrition provides essential nutrients that can help mitigate damage during and after the bleaching process.

Key points include:

Protein intake: Hair is primarily made of a protein called keratin. Consuming adequate protein supports hair structure and strength. Research from the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (Jiang et al., 2020) indicates that a protein-rich diet enhances hair resilience against chemical treatments.
Vitamins: Vitamins A, C, D, and E play vital roles in hair health. Vitamin A promotes sebum production, which keeps hair moisturized. Vitamin C aids in collagen production, essential for hair structure. A deficiency in these vitamins can lead to dryness and brittleness. A study in the International Journal of Trichology (Gupta et al., 2017) found that individuals with hair issues often had low vitamin levels.
Omega-3 fatty acids: These fatty acids hydrate the scalp and hair. They promote hair growth and prevent dryness. Research in the Journal of Clinical Research in Dermatology (Patterson et al., 2021) found that omega-3 supplementation resulted in noticeable improvements in hair density and scalp condition.
Minerals: Zinc and iron are crucial for maintaining hair health. Zinc helps maintain the oil glands around hair follicles, while iron supports adequate blood flow to the scalp. A study in the Dermatology Online Journal (Dawes et al., 2018) highlighted that low iron can lead to hair thinning.
Hydration: Adequate water intake plays a crucial role in maintaining moisture levels in the body, including in hair. Dehydration can lead to dry, brittle hair that is more prone to damage during the bleaching process. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Popkin et al., 2021) emphasizes the importance of hydration for overall health, including hair vitality.

Focusing on these nutritional aspects can help you achieve better results from hair bleaching while minimizing potential damage.

What Precautions Must You Take to Prevent Damage During Bleaching?

To prevent damage during hair bleaching, several precautions must be taken. These precautions help to protect both the hair and scalp while achieving the desired results.

Conduct a patch test.
Use high-quality products.
Apply a deep conditioner before bleaching.
Limit heat styling prior to bleaching.
Seek professional assistance if unsure.
Follow instructions carefully.
Avoid frequent bleaching sessions.
Use a toner after bleaching.

These points underscore the importance of preparation and caution in the bleaching process. Understanding each precaution can help ensure healthy hair after bleaching.

Conduct a patch test:
Conducting a patch test is crucial to avoid allergic reactions. A small amount of bleach should be applied to a hidden part of the scalp. This test should be done 48 hours before the full application. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, patch tests can prevent severe allergic reactions.
Use high-quality products:
Using high-quality bleaching products helps reduce damage. Professional-grade products typically contain ingredients that protect hair integrity. For example, brands like Olaplex include bonding agents that strengthen hair during the bleaching process. It is advisable to choose products that are sulfate-free and ammonia-free.
Apply a deep conditioner before bleaching:
Applying a deep conditioner before bleaching provides moisture and strengthens hair. The conditioner should be left on for at least 30 minutes. This step prepares the hair cuticles for the harsh chemicals in bleach, reducing the risk of breakage.
Limit heat styling prior to bleaching:
Limiting heat styling before bleaching helps maintain hair health. Heat can weaken hair, making it more susceptible to damage from bleach. Experts recommend refraining from heat tools for at least a week prior to the bleaching process.
Seek professional assistance if unsure:
Seeking professional assistance is wise if you are inexperienced with bleaching. Professionals have the knowledge and skills to apply bleach evenly and monitor the process. They can also cater to specific hair types and conditions for optimal results.
Follow instructions carefully:
Following the product instructions is essential to prevent damage. Each product has different processing times and application techniques. Incorrect application can lead to over-processing, which can severely damage hair.
Avoid frequent bleaching sessions:
Avoiding frequent bleaching sessions is important for hair health. Bleaching strips hair of its natural moisture and oils. It is recommended to give hair a break of at least six weeks between bleaching sessions to allow recovery.
Use a toner after bleaching:
Using a toner after bleaching helps to neutralize unwanted brassy tones. Toners work to enhance color and improve shine. Many toners contain nourishing ingredients that can help maintain hair quality post-bleach.

By applying these precautions, individuals can greatly reduce the chances of hair damage during the bleaching process.

Why Is a Strand Test Crucial Before Full Application?

A strand test is crucial before applying hair color or bleach to ensure desired results and minimize damage. Performing this test allows users to assess how their hair reacts to the product, helping to prevent unwanted outcomes.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, a strand test helps identify the best hair color and the time required for processing without causing damage.

The primary reasons for conducting a strand test include assessing hair condition and achieving color accuracy. Hair texture, porosity, and previous treatments influence how hair absorbs color. For example, damaged hair may lighten more quickly than healthy hair, leading to unexpected results. By testing a small section, individuals can evaluate the product’s effectiveness and make adjustments as needed.

A strand test allows users to determine processing time, which is the period the color or bleach remains on the hair. Processing time affects how light or dark the final color will be. If the test results reveal a lighter outcome than desired, users can adjust the timing or try a different product.

Specific conditions that might necessitate a strand test include previously dyed hair, hair that is fragile, or hair that has undergone chemical treatments like perms or relaxers. For example, someone with bleached ends may find that applying color directly without testing leads to overly light or damaged sections. Conducting a strand test first can help ensure that the full application is successful and safe.

How Should You Care for Your Hair Immediately After Bleaching?

After bleaching your hair, it is crucial to care for it properly to minimize damage and maintain health. Hair that has been bleached can be up to 80% more porous than unbleached hair. This increased porosity can lead to dryness, brittleness, and breakage if not addressed.

First, avoid washing your hair immediately after bleaching. It is recommended to wait at least 48 hours to allow the cuticle to settle. Washing too soon can strip essential oils, leading to dryness. Next, use a sulfate-free shampoo and a deep conditioner specifically designed for color-treated hair. These products contain fewer harsh chemicals and help retain moisture. Aim to use a conditioner that provides hydration and protein balance to strengthen the hair.

In addition, consider incorporating a leave-in conditioner or hair oil into your routine. These products can provide additional moisture and protection against environmental stressors. For instance, a leave-in conditioner with ingredients like argan oil or coconut oil can improve manageability and shine.

Another important factor is limiting heat styling. Excessive use of tools like hair dryers or straighteners can exacerbate damage. If necessary, use a heat protectant spray prior to styling. According to a survey, 60% of people using heat styling tools without protection experience more damage.

External factors can also influence hair health post-bleaching. High humidity can cause frizz, while dry weather can lead to further dehydration. Lifestyle choices, such as diet and hydration levels, can affect hair strength and moisture as well.

In conclusion, proper care after bleaching is essential for healthy hair. Key strategies include waiting before washing, using gentle hair care products, and limiting heat exposure. For further exploration, consider researching specific products popular among professionals or consulting with a hair care expert for personalized advice.

What Long-Term Care Is Necessary for Maintaining Healthy Bleached Hair?

Maintaining healthy bleached hair requires consistent long-term care that focuses on hydration, protection, and revitalization.

Regular deep conditioning treatments
Use of sulfate-free shampoos
Incorporation of leave-in conditioners
Application of hair masks
Scheduling regular trims
Minimizing heat styling
Protecting hair from sun exposure
Limiting chemical treatments

Long-term care for bleached hair encompasses various approaches to ensure its health and vitality.

Regular Deep Conditioning Treatments: Regular deep conditioning treatments are essential for bleached hair. They restore moisture and elasticity. Deep conditioners penetrate the hair shaft, replenishing lost nutrients. According to a 2021 study by the Journal of Cosmetic Science, weekly use can reduce breakage significantly.
Use of Sulfate-Free Shampoos: Using sulfate-free shampoos protects bleached hair. Sulfates are harsh detergents that strip natural oils. Therefore, opting for milder, sulfate-free formulas can maintain moisture levels. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends these products for colored hair to prevent fading.
Incorporation of Leave-In Conditioners: Incorporating leave-in conditioners offers additional hydration. Leave-in products create a barrier against dryness and environmental damage. A 2020 study from Hair Research and Development found that regular application can improve overall hair texture.
Application of Hair Masks: Applying nourishing hair masks once a week can significantly enhance hair health. Masks typically contain concentrated ingredients that restore strength and shine. According to a 2019 article in the International Journal of Trichology, weekly masks can boost hydration and repair damaged hair.
Scheduling Regular Trims: Scheduling regular trims is crucial in maintaining bleached hair. Cutting off split ends prevents further damage from ascending the hair shaft. The American Academy of Dermatology suggests trimming every 6-8 weeks for optimal health.
Minimizing Heat Styling: Minimizing heat styling protects bleached hair from additional damage. Tools like flat irons and curling wands can weaken hair structure. The British Journal of Dermatology reports that reducing heat exposure can lead to healthier hair over time.
Protecting Hair from Sun Exposure: Protecting bleached hair from sun exposure prevents color fading and damage. UV rays can degrade hair’s proteins, causing dryness. A study published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology explains that wearing hats or using UV-protectant sprays can mitigate these effects.
Limiting Chemical Treatments: Limiting additional chemical treatments is vital for the integrity of bleached hair. Processes like perming or relaxing can exacerbate damage. Experts recommend waiting at least a month between chemical services to allow hair to recover.

Following these practices creates a sustainable regimen for maintaining the health of bleached hair while addressing various perspectives on the best care methods.

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